Overpopulation Sustainability Of Human Life - 1438 Words

Overpopulation: Sustainability of Human Life Overpopulation, in my belief, is becoming one of the foremost problems facing human civilization. This complex, permeating issue will likely prove to be a problem of paramount importance for all people in the future. Overpopulation is a serious global issue that is often overlooked by most people. This is likely due to lack of knowledge and fast paced distracting lifestyles we embrace this day and age. While it is not a common problem or subject we speak of, it is a problem, in my opinion, that needs to be addressed and solved immediately. In the past 50 years the world population has doubled and our planet now provides for over 7 billion people (U.S. Census Bureau, 2014). We need to understand the detriments of such rapid growth in population and what it could mean for our future as a species and the planet as a whole. Problems that occur due to overpopulation could lead to an epidemic that would ultimately wipeout the human race. Although we as humans feel it is our right to procre ate, we must look at the bigger picture and realize that everything we are doing in the present will affect the entire planet in the future. To better understand overpopulation, we need to define it. The term overpopulation means: a situation in which the number of individuals of a given species (in this case: humans) exceeds the number that its environment can sustain (Merriam-Webster). â€Å"Population is determined by the interplay of two factors. OneShow MoreRelatedAnalyzing The Issues Of World Overpopulation1413 Words   |  6 Pagesof world overpopulation The current population on Earth is around 7 billion people, statistics show that by 2050 the world will reach to about 8 – 11 billion people. If we look back on the progression of the world and its increase in population you will currently find that the world population is growing rapidly, this leads to the fearful effect of overpopulation. Overpopulation is the number of the existing human population that exceeds the capacity of the Earth. Progressively the human populationRead MoreThe Effects Of Our Lack Of Sustainability Of Earth On Children1251 Words   |  6 PagesThe sustainability of the current environment is something that is important to the future generations of the world. The Earth is in a constant state of change and the inhabitants of Earth are called to make decisions on how to maintain a stable and healthy environment for future generations. The biggest contributor to the negative effect on the Earth is pollution. Pollution has not only put a physical burden o n the environment, but it has altered the way that we think about living here. ThousandsRead MoreThe Ramifications Of Population Growth1136 Words   |  5 PagesRAMIFICATIONS OF POPULATION GROWTH Global human population is mounting at an alarming rate. In fact, in the next fifteen years, it is expected to reach 8.5 billion. Even if a worldwide policy of two children per couple, instead of the current 2.8, were enacted tomorrow, the global population would continue to grow for about seventy years before stabilizing at about thirteen billion people (Pimentel, 155). The ramifications of such growth could be catastrophic. Overpopulation contributes to a multitude of problemsRead MoreThe Effects Of Overpopulation On The Environment1400 Words   |  6 Pagespopulations are multiplying globally. Overpopulation is a major issue, affecting both the earth and it’s inhabitants. The exponential rise of the human race directly affects the exponential downfall of the environment it rises over. Water is becoming polluted and scarce, land is shrinking, and extensive use of fuel is contaminating the atmosphere. Deforestation and global climate change are causing a downfall in biodiver sity around the world. One can argue that overpopulation is the cause of all these phenomenaRead MoreEffects of Climate Change Essay1095 Words   |  5 Pagesthat is used for both human habitation and the production of crops and livestock, while still continuing to multiply at the same rate. This is exactly what global climate change is causing. There are three key areas that overpopulation will affect; the environment, Earth’s sustainability, and the impact on human life. 1 out of 8 human deaths are linked to poor air quality. It is common in big cities to have smog and frequent air alerts, if Wisconsin becomes a shelter for humans who become displacedRead MoreSustainability Position Paper : Natural Resources And Technology1652 Words   |  7 PagesSustainability Position Paper Natural resources and Technology Sarah Manzoor AB975 â€Æ' Introduction Sustainability has normally been defined as how biological systems remain diverse and productive (What is sustainability and why is it important?, 2016). However, in today’s world it refers to the need to develop methods for the earth to survive. We live in a developed world where natural resources as being consumed very fast and this is something that needs to change. Sustainability is also about thinkingRead MoreSustainability Is A Focal Point And A Significant Part Of Life1431 Words   |  6 Pages One of the most vigorously debated topics is the issue of sustainability. These include climate change, overpopulation, pollution, and ignorance to the damage being done to the environment. The climate that all living things have come to rely upon is changing because of global warming. Today, sustainability has become a focal point and a significant part of life. Sustainability is defined as the ability to meet current environmental, ecological, economics, social and cultural needs without riskingRead MoreThe Effects Of Overpopulation On The Human Population1532 Words   |  7 Pages overcrowding has concerned many scientists, researchers, and the human populace as a whole. Overpopulation, the condition where an area holds more people than in which the area can properly function, is a serious issue which has many adverse effects on the well-being of a healthy human population. A growing seven billion people live on Earth and factors such as pollution, and human well being may all b e affected by overpopulation, and continued growth in population will cause an even greater impactRead MoreOverpopulation : We Must Figure It Out For Save The World Essay1645 Words   |  7 Pages Overpopulation: We Must Figure It Out to Save the World It may not be something you think about often, but human population growth is a big issue in our world today and this problem needs to be solved in the future to save our planet. Overpopulation is a condition that will be in effect if the population exceeds the carrying capacity on Earth. The carrying capacity is the peak population that can sustain human life on Earth. It is uncertain what Earth’s carrying capacity is for the human raceRead MoreEssay on Overpopulation and Environmental Degradation737 Words   |  3 PagesOverpopulation and Environmental Degradation At the time of the agricultural revolution, nearly ten thousand years ago, the population of the globe was no more than ten million. Today the world population is estimated at over six billion. In the last hundred years the population has more than tripled. With the population rising at an enormous rate of 1.7 million a week, the world as a whole is being drained of its resources. (Southwick, 1996) Different theories have prevailed on what will occur

Insolvency in anglo american law Free Essays

string(127) " this type is trade creditors who are so â€Å"uninformed that they systematically undercharge for the extension of credit† ii\." Introduction A. General 1.The concept of security There are many attempts to define â€Å"security†, but this concept varies in different countries, and even in different fields of economic and financial activity. We will write a custom essay sample on Insolvency in anglo american law or any similar topic only for you Order Now Simply put, it can be understood that â€Å"security† is originated from the instinctive fear of risk of financiers. It is similar to a guarantee that someone’s investment, at least, will not make him loose more than what he expects to gain. As clarified by Professor Goode, the concept of security depends on concepts of ownership and possession; it â€Å"involves the grant of a right in an asset which the grantor owns or in which he has an interest†. ‘Security’ is not officially defined under English law. Its scope has to be drawn from judicial interpretations. Pursuant to the judgment of Re Paramount Airways Ltd, security is defined as â€Å"created where a person (the creditor) obtains rights exercisable against some property in which the debtor has an interest in order to enforce the discharge of the debtor’s obligation to the creditor.†However, this definition is not fixed. The problem of lacking an official definition results in some uncertainties in regulating secured credit under English law. Under American law, in contrast, ‘security interest’ is clearly defined as â€Å"an interest in personal property that secures either payment of money or the performance of an obligation†. The functional approach in secured transaction under American legislations is preferred than the formal approach under English law. There are two main types of security which are fixed and floating charges. A fixed charge is defined as â€Å"a charge or mortgage secured on particular property, such as land and buildings; and intellectual property such as copyrights, patents, trade marks. A floating charge is an equitable charge on assets which can continued to be traded from time to time without the reacceptance of the mortgagee.Between these two, floating charge is used more commonly. 2.The purpose of taking security According to Professor McCormack, there are several reasons of taking security. Firstly, security will give priority to a creditor over other unsecured ones in the event of insolvency. According to a survey by the Society of Practitioners of Insolvency, about 75% unsecured creditor received nothing after asset distribution. Suggested from the definition of insolvency, which is a situation that a company loses its ability to pay all of its creditors, priority in insolvency proceedings is very important. Another reason is that a creditor who takes security will have more control on the lent assets as well as insolvency proceedings. The regime in England under the Enterprise Act 2002 allows a floating charge’s holder to appoint an administrator, whose duty is to ensure a certain share of the insolvent company’s assets for the benefit of such holder. This type of â€Å"self-help† remains controversial. It is criticized a lots as such control is too substantial. Last but not least, the taking of security is regarded as useful to reduce the cost of investigation into the debtor’s financial situation. Professor Buckley called such costs the â€Å"screening costs†.According to his arguments, as the borrower has to reveal information to the lender so as to ensure that it is financially able to take the loan, a securely informed creditor will benefit from avoiding more risk in the market. Such information, in insolvency proceedings, will aid in determining the debtor’s creditworthiness and anticipated bankruptcy value. Sub-conclusion: To sum up, security plays a significant role in financial activities of companies. It gives both the borrowers and the lenders benefits which are crucial in their transactions’ decisions. However, from the perspectives of a unsecured creditor, the ability of taking security by some creditors results in their higher possibility of receiving nothing in return in the event of insolvency. This essay will discuss such misallocation of resources to the unsecured creditors and examine the reform proposal to solve these problems in 2 main parts respectively. At the end, a conclusion will be drawn that although security causes troubles to non-consensual creditors, any reform needs to be taken with a lot of considerations on the method and in the system as a whole. B. Problems caused by security 1. Problems of misallocating resources Lynn LoPucki, in his analysis, has demonstrated that most unsecured creditors are given such status against their will and awareness. Therefore, it is unfair when they are given even less than what they can gain because of the security’s usage. By taking securities, the secured creditors, with all the control and benefits as examined above, may take a substantial part of the debtor’s assets. The unsecured creditors, who usually outnumber the secured ones but only receive a much smaller part of the insolvent’s resources. Although the basic principle of insolvency law is â€Å"equality of misery†, many people are forced to be more miserable than others. In order to detect a solution for this matter, this part is illustrated in 2 smaller parts, the first deals with the classification of unsecured creditors and the second discusses the problem in allocating the debtor’s resources. a. Types of unsecured creditors There are three types of unsecured creditors, depending on their reaction to such status: uninformed creditors, voluntary creditors and involuntary creditors. Each category is suffered different problems caused by security to their group. i.Uninformed Creditors Uninformed creditors are those who accept the status of unsecured creditors despite their acknowledge of the debtor’s situation because they do not properly estimate the risk they are about to take. These creditors are similar to voluntary creditor because they know the situation before making their decision of invest into such debtors. But they are also similar to involuntary creditors because if they had known the â€Å"true state of the law and the debtor’s finances when they made the fatal decision to extend credit (or not to withdraw from an extension already made), [they] would have decided differently.†Their consent, therefore, is not meaningful due to the lack of true understanding of what they are consent to. The example for this type is trade creditors who are so â€Å"uninformed that they systematically undercharge for the extension of credit† ii. Voluntary Creditors Examples of voluntary creditors are employees and customers. Employees: In case employees’ wages are not paid, they become creditors of their employer. The missing of payment by an employer serves as the most alarming precaution of its financial situation to the employees. However, as stated by Buckley, â€Å"claims for unpaid wages are not substantial in most bankruptcies [†¦] because few employers are willing to risk work stoppages by gambling with unpaid wages.† Customers: Customers are also classified as voluntary creditors of a retailer in case they have warranty claims. In certain cases, the prices they are willing to pay may reflect their ability to foresee the default. Therefore, customers become creditors only if they have proper reaction to such foreseen possibility. iii. Involuntary Creditors It is estimated in a study by Sullivan, Warren, and Westbrook that 23% of unsecured creditors filling bankruptcy under Chapter 7 and 13 of the Bankruptcy Code was involuntary creditors. This category includes governmental claimants (tax agencies, pension agencies), tort victims, environmental agencies, utility companies. We will now examine the first two examples of this type. Governmental claims: A company has many governmental responsibilities. This is shown by its duty in many tax related activities ranging from corporate taxes to employees’ income taxes. Moreover, it may have to be involved in some social security program. Thus, in the event of insolvency, it may become debtors of several state entities. And in common cases, the governmental claims will not consent to be under the status of creditors because it is likely that they will gain nothing due to the unsecured characteristic of debts the company owed to them. Tort claims: Tort victims are regarded to be the most typical kind of involuntary creditors. As indicated by a study of Manville Corporation cases, the company’s book value when it filed for insolvency was only $1.2 billion book value, while its tort liability was $1.9 billion is in asbestos-related claims. It is common that tort claimants do not agree with their unsecured creditor status. In many cases, they even do not agree to be creditor if it is not because of wrongful acts by the debtor violating their rights and benefits. Such wrongful acts may ranging from harmful business acts (negligence, interference,†¦) to infringement of intellectual property rights However, the insolvency law has not treated them with sufficient priority over other creditors (especially secured creditors). b. Problems In the context of this essay, we will discuss the influences of consent-based theory in examining the problems of involuntary and uninformed creditors. It may be argued that to identify the direct consequences of the lack of consent of a creditor when involving in a company’s business is not always easy. Brian Mccall has illustrated an example where a supplier sell inventory on credit to a buyer. The buyer then sells the inventory and uses the proceeds to pay a bill instead of paying the supplierAs a result, the supplier becomes an non-consensual creditors as resources are misallocated without his consent. Mccal concluded that this can happen because the supplier does not have the general right to consent to every action of the buyer that has an effect on him. However, that problem should not preclude the idea of fairness and sympathy for unsecured creditors, which is basis for the argument of consent-based theory. The theory provides that it is a violation in taking away the right to payment of creditors who are not consent to such status. By granting security for some creditors, a debtor affects the shares in the asset pool of other involuntary and uninformed creditors. Followers of this theory emphasized that there should not be any distinction between secured and unsecured creditors because both types are entitled to receive their and only their proportional distributions of their respective debts Any priority to one group will result in an â€Å"unjust† distribution to the other. We will now analysis the problems resulted by security which are challenging unsecured creditors. i. Involuntary creditors In his work, Lynn LoPucki has explained why security is used despite the fact that a major of creditors does not agree with it. The relationship, after using security, between the debtor, the secured creditors and the unsecured ones is indicated as a contract where the first two agree with each other that the last will gain nothing. Therefore, security is widely used because of two parallel stimulations: no one wants to be in the situation of an unsecured creditor whose value in the debtor’s asset is contracted to expropriate for others; and, a debtor also wants to take benefits from â€Å"selling secured status to its voluntary creditors†. This problem threatens the right to payment of tort victims most. They clearly do not give their consent to the unsecured creditor status as well as the granting of security for other creditors. However, instead of giving them some priority as usual in tort judgement, the introduction of security to insolvency proceedings reduce their chance of receiving exposure to the debtor’s tort liability. This issue is originated from an argument that the consent of the unsecured creditor – the third party, on the contract – the granted security, between the debtor and the secured creditors, is â€Å"implied†. Such argument, according to Lopucki, is â€Å"not likely to save the institution of security†. It is also argued that it is a principle in economic theory that tort victims should be fully compensated. In regulating the issue of security, legislators who allow its use may not necessarily decide that by granting security, a company can limit or eliminate the exposure to tort liability. Where a company can give full compensation to its tort victims, it should do so â€Å"to the full extent of their wealth†. ii. Uninformed creditors Sympathy should also be given to creditors who do not really understand the meaning and consequence of their consent when voluntarily entering in insolvency proceedings. It is not a â€Å"meaningful consent† because they would not agree with their status and extend credit if they are well-informed to proper estimate the risk of debtor’s business. It may be reasoned that the system should not be changed for the benefit of uninformed creditors because they are responsible for their own decision. Also, some security-supporter may consider that the harm caused to uninformed creditors is â€Å"slight†. However, it is not unreasonable that a substantial number of creditors do not really know what trouble they are falling into due to the complexity of the insolvency regime. Taking Art. 9 of the UCC, which govern insolvency matter in American system, as an example, Lynn LoPucki regards it as â€Å"highly complex, unintuitive, and notoriously deceptive†. Many creditors are small business. Thus, they have to struggle in understanding the principles provided under Art. 9 because they may not afford qualified lawyers. Moreover, this Article is clearly in favor of creditors who are secured and have full knowledge in respect of the company’s financial situation. It becomes easier for them to win in the filing â€Å"race† of insolvency proceedings in spite of the fact that in certain cases, their loans are not justified; or even despite a founded principle to protect legitimate expectations of other creditors. For the purpose of further analysis, uninformed creditors are grouped with involuntary creditors to be referred to as non-consensual creditors. 2. The efficiency of secured credit According to Steven Schwarcz, there are two types of efficiency of secured credit. The first one is where the taking of security ensures the benefit of both secured and unsecured creditors by increase the debtor’s value to cover both types of debt. The second one focus on the harm to unsecured creditors, which is acceptable if it â€Å"does not exceed the benefit to the debtor and the secured creditor†. However, it is unlikely that secured credit can achieve either types of efficiency. The debate over whether secured credit is efficient is triggered by an article by Professors Jackson and Kronman, in which they argued that it is so. Subsequently, many scholars approved this argument by indicating the economic benefits of secured credit such as lowering screening costs or giving more control and benefits to secured creditors. These are the purpose of taking secured status in transactions, which has been analysed in details above (section A(2)). In contrast, David Carlson casted doubts on the efficiency of secured credit because â€Å"secured lending is not necessarily inconsistent with economic efficiency, though whether any given security interest is efficient is highly contingent and probably unknowable.† Brian Mccall further emphasized on the fact that even if the proof of economic efficiency can be established, it â€Å"merely tells us one of the effects of a given course of action it does not tell us normatively if such a thing should be done.† By demonstrating the nature of security under the regime provide by Art. 9 in the UCC, Lynn LoPucki also proved that security is not efficient. The main reason given to establish such conclusion is that the features of security are not always present. There are three features which the author referred to as â€Å"priority, encumbrance and remedy†. Each of those may exist in one type of security but not others; and some arrangements which include an above feature may not be regarded as â€Å"security†. Thus, it is difficult to ensure the â€Å"efficiency† of all secured credits granted. Sub-conslusion: Not all creditors are granted their unsecured status in the same circumstances. Depending on the reasons which results in their involvement in the debtor’s business, there are three different types: uninformed creditors, voluntary creditors and involuntary creditors. Among these three, uninformed creditors and involuntary creditors are the most vulnerable by the effects of secured credit. Generally, the lack of their consent may be regarded as a detriment to the right and the legitimate expectation for payment of these creditors. In addition, it is established that the use of secured credit may not always be efficient and granting security for creditors may not always be the best solution for the economy. Therefore, these problems of security should be solved by a reform of nonconsensual creditors’ treatment. C.Proposals of reform As analyzed above, only a smaller proportion of creditors in insolvency proceedings may be benefited in the use of security, and their benefits are originated from the detriment of a major number of non-consensual creditors. Besides, the using of secured credit is not always effective. The question is now raised that whether there are any persuasive proposals of reform. In considering the position of non-consensual creditors in secured credit, there are three alternatives: (1) leaving the situation as it is now; (2) ensuring the payment to unsecured creditors by mandatory insurance; or (3) giving priority for nonconsensual creditors over the secured creditors As leaving the situation as it is now (alternative 1) is considered as ineffective above, we will only examination two later proposals. 1. Ensuring the payment through insurance This alternatives may be used to achieve the first type of efficiency mentioned above – the debtor can ensure the payment for all creditors, regardless of their status as secured or unsecured despite its situation of insolvency. It is suggested by LoPucki that mandatory insurance should be taken by a company which may incur liability over involuntary creditors, especially tort claimants. By doing so, such company make it possible for their involuntary creditors to fully recover from the insurer instead of pursuing for payment from the debtors. Concurrently, the first position of secured creditors in insolvency proceedings is not arguable. 2. Non-consensual Creditors are given Priority over Secured Creditors Professor Paul Shupack has argued that if non-consensual creditors are given priority over secured creditors, no loss will be caused to the secured creditors because they may be fully compensated for the conditional risk by conditioning their loans on the debtor’s payment of a premium. To reach the same conclusion with Professor Paul Shupack, LoPucki put the relationship among debtors, secured and unsecured creditors in an assumption that a debtor has two creditors, one unsecured (nonconsensual) and one secured, and that in case of being insolvent, he can only to pay one of them. The aggregate loss to the economy is calculated in two alternative models: where the secured creditor has priority over the unsecured; and where the unsecured creditor has priority over the secured. In the first model, there is no other choice for the nonconsensual creditor but to extend his credit in a hope to receive some payment. Concurrently, the secured one will also extend his credit because he will be repaid. Priority is given to the later. Therefore, the unsecured will receive nothing. It may be concluded that â€Å"except to the extent, if any, that the debtor derived benefit from inflicting loss on the [nonconsensual] creditor, [that] creditor’s loss would be an aggregate loss to the economy†. In contrast, if nonconsensual creditors have priority as in the second model, the loss to the economy is claimed to be zero.LoPucki argued that because in this case, the secured creditor knowing that priority is granted to the other, will not extend credit beyond the debtor’s ability to pay. Accordingly, the nonconsensual creditor will receive expected payment and there will be no loss to the economy. If the above analysis is correct, giving priority to the unsecured instead of the secured creditor will be the most effective way to reduce the summative loss to the economy and resolve the problems of misallocating resources as well as inefficient secured credit. However, it is not easy for a regime which has been considered to operate smoothly for long to accept any kind of change. Consequently, the above proposals have been subsequently criticized. 3. Are these proposals persuasive? First of all, regarding the proposal of using insurance, LoPucki himself realized the disadvantages of applying this solution. Firstly, it is a phenomenon that a company may be more likely to commit wrongful acts if such acts’ consequences have been insured. The acts may be committed intentionally or unintentionally, but the counter-productive result is that the company will be less alert to avoid them. Consequently, insurance in this case may bring more bad than good things, to the company, any potential tort victims and the society as a whole. Moreover, insurance will left over a large number of uninformed creditors, who are in most cases also non-consensual but can be benefit from the debtor’s mandatory insurance policies. Concerning LoPucki’s best solution that is to give non-consensual creditors priority over secured creditors, it becomes a controversial topic where everyone expresses their own view on the relationship between security and insolvency, law and economic regulations. Professor Block-Lieb, in her reply to LoPucki’s argument, even concluded that â€Å"his reformulation of the unsecured creditor’s bargain is insufficient justification for drastic alterations to the law of secured transactions.† Professor White, in considering the proposal, questioned whether â€Å"Article 9 [of the UCC] is the place to deal with them†. Firstly, he argued that governmental agencies would not need priority over secured creditors because they can use tax liens for themselves. Concerning tort claims, White’s arguments are based on elevating the status of claimants if amending Art. 9 He suggested that â€Å"significant subordination of perfected security interest will drive secured creditors to look for security devices that are more wasteful but more effective (for them)†. In addition, there may be a distinction between claims for pain or suffering and claims for economic injury (libel, fraud, negligence victims). Thus, it is difficult to identify which claims should be granted priority or not. Besides, â€Å"if the Bankruptcy Code grants priority to the tort claimants, it can give them superiority over not only personal property secured claimants but also over other lien holders and real property mortgagees[, but] Art. 9 cannot reach real estate mortgagees and only with awkward expansion could it possibly reach and grant priority over other liens in the law of every state. At best, modification of Article 9 would be only a half measure because it deals neither with claims secured by real estate nor with claims of nonconsensual lienors.† Sub-conclusion: It is submitted that there seems to be an agreement on the inefficiency of secured credit which requires many consideration for reforming. However, the reform of only a particular regime as Art. 9 in the case of the UCC is not the best solution. Security has been used for quite a long time. Its development has been so closely connected with other aspects of regulating rights and benefit of many economic factors. Therefore, a change of regime under Art. 9 alone cannot be expected to be effective. D.Conclusion Bibliography Legislations The Enterprise Act 2002 – the United Kingdom The Uniform Commercial Code – The United Stated Books Gerard McCormack, Secured Credit under English and American Law, Cambridge University Press, 2004 Royston Miles Goode, Legal problems of credit and security, Sweet Maxwell, 2003, 4th Ed. Journals Alan Schwartz, Security Interests and Bankruptcy Priorities: A Review of Current Theories, 10 J. Legal Stud. 1 (1981) Brian M. Mccall, â€Å"It’s just secured credit! The natural law case in defense of some forms of secured credit†, 43(1) Indiana Law Review, (2009) David Gray Carlson, On the Efficiency of Secured Lending, 80 VA. L. REV. 2179 (1994) Elizabeth Warren, Making Policy with Imperfect Information: The Article 9 Full Priority Debates, 82 Cornell L. Rev. (1997), 1389 F.H. Buckley, The bankruptcy priority puzzle, 72 Va. L. Rev. 1421 (1986) James J. White, â€Å"Work and play in revising article 9†, 80 Va. L. Rev. (1994), 2096 Lynn M. LoPucki, â€Å"The unsecured creditor’s bargain†, 80 Va. L. Rev. (1994), 1907 Paul M. Shupack, Solving the Puzzle of Secured Transactions, 41 Rutgers L. Rev. (1989) 1067 Steven L. Schwarcz, â€Å"The easy case for the priority of secured claims in bankruptcy†, 47 Duke L.J. (1997-98), 480 Susan Block-Lieb, The Unsecured Creditor’s Bargain: A Reply, 80. Va. L. Rev. (1994), 1989 Thomas H. Jackson Anthony T. Kronman, Secured Financing and Priorities Among Creditors, 88 YALE L.J. (1979), 1143 Other documents Eighth Survey of Company Insolvency by Society of Practitioners of Insolvency (1997-8). Statistics from Teresa A. Sullivan, Elizabeth Warren Jay L. Westbrook, â€Å"As We Forgive Our Debtors† 18, 294 (1989) How to cite Insolvency in anglo american law, Essay examples

Bankruptcy in the United States and Victor free essay sample

Be aware as you read the novel that point of view changes several times. Who tells the story first? Walton How? Letters written to his sister To whom? His sister Then who tells the story next? Victor To whom? Walton Then who tells the story? (Chapters 11-16) The monster To whom? Letters 1-4 1. 1. Who is Robert Walton? Describe him in detail. Lived a life of ease and luxury. Self educated. 28 years old What is he planning? wants to explore north pole For how long has he planned? Life long dream. How has he planned? Bought boat. , crewman How is he revealed? Determined, Courages 2. Who is Margaret? Describe in detail. In a sense, who becomes Margaret? )   walton’s sister, a caring kind person, gentle, The reader becomes Margaret. 3. In Letter 1, what reasons does Walton offer for making his voyage? (At first and later) a. he wants to satisfy himself by going where no man has gone before It is his lifelong dream b. he wants to fulfill a great purpose in his life. He wants excitement and challenge. 4. At the beginning of Letter 2, of what is Walton in need? He needs a friend. Someone to share his joy and be there when he is down, someone to relate to, to sympathize with. 5. Who fills this need? Margret? 6. How do the sailors act on the ship? Brutal just workers 7. Walton’s statement â€Å"I certainly shall find no friend on the wide ocean† hints at what? That its going to be a lonely voyage 8. What traits does the lieutenant on Walton’s ship possess? courage and enterprise, glory to progress his career, gentleness and the mildness, integrity and dauntless courage 9. What kind of man is the master of Walton’s ship? person of an excellent disposition, courages. Gentle mild. Noble. 10. What route does Walton plan to take on his voyage? He will go to unexplored regions, to â€Å"the land of mist and snow,† traversed immense seas, and returned by the most southern cape of Africa or America 11. What attitude does Walton reveal to his sister in Letter 3? He has an optimistic attitude yet dubious 12. What does the stranger ask Walton in Letter 4? He asks where the ship was heading 13. What do these words say about the stranger’s will? A will of iron. 14. How does Walton describe the stranger? wretched a condition, nearly frozen, emaciated, silent and appears uneasy, manners are so conciliating and gentle, constant and deep grief, so gentle, yet so wise; his mind is so cultivated, his words are culled with the choicest art, they flow with rapidity and unparalleled eloquence 15. What news of Walton’s arouses the stranger’s interest? They say another traveling on sled. 16. What is the stranger’s reaction when Walton says that he will allow nothing to interfere with his journey of exploration? He became gloomy and started crying â€Å"Unhappy man! Do you share my madness? Have you drunk also of the intoxicating draught? Hear me; let me reveal my tale, and you will dash the cup from your lips! † 17. What does the stranger propose to do for Walton? He will tell his tale that will prevent him from making the same mistake 18. Why does the stranger feel the polar region is an appropriate setting for the telling of his tale? The wild and mysterious trait of his tale matches the wild and mysterious region, which would make his tale more believable 19. Of what is the reader forewarned? Prepare to hear of occurrences which are usually deemed marvelous, unbelievable 20. What is Walton’s Plan? He will make notes of his story 21. To what is the stranger compared at the close of the journal entry of August 19? gallant vessel Chapter 1 1. How does the stranger describe his parents’ character traits? My mother’s tender caresses and my father’s smile of benevolent pleasure, very kind 2. Why do you think Shelley waits until this point to reveal the stranger’s first name? Because this is his story 3. What do Victor’s parents give him as a gift? Elizabeth 4. How does Victor say he felt about Elizabeth? his special duty to love and protect her since she was his, and his only 5. What foreshadowing is seen in the last sentence of Chapter 1? She would die an unnatural death Chapter 2 1. How do Elizabeth and Victor differ as children? Victor deeply smitten with the thirst for knowledge delighted in investigating their causes Elizabeth was of a calmer and more concentrated disposition; contemplated with a serious and satisfied spirit the magnificent appearances of things 2. Who is Henry Clerval? One of Victor best childhood friends 3. What are his interests and goals? loved enterprise, hardship, and even danger for its own sake. He was a writer of romance . wrote plays about heroes. He tried to make us act plays and to enter into masquerades, in which the characters were drawn from the heroes of Roncesvalles, of the Round Table of King Arthur, and the chivalrous train who shed their blood to redeem the holy sepulchre from the hands of the infidels. 4. Whose works does Victor pursue in his reading and studies? Why? Cornelius Agrippa, he liked his theories and facts 5. Why does his father disapprove? He says that his works is old out of date, imaginary 6. What effect does a violent thunderstorm have on Victor when he is fifteen? He finds out that his old favorites Cornelius Agrippa, Albertus Magnus, and Paracelsus were set aside by the new theories and of study appertaining to that science as being built upon secure foundations, 7. At this point in the novel, we realize friendship is very important to Victor. With what three people do we see this fact? Walton, Elizabeth, Henry 8. What foreshadowing occurs in the last sentence of Chapter 2? Destiny would bring down Victor to destruction Chapter 3 1. What happens to Elizabeth before Victor leaves for college? She gets scarlet fever 2. What is Victor’s first exposure to death? How does he cope? Death of his mother, he was sad but he knew he must continue on with life 3. What is Victor’s mother’s final request? That Victor and Elizabeth marry 4. What further saddens Victor before he departs? Henry couldn’t come 5. Why does Victor’s father want his son to study at the University of Ingolstadt? He thinks Victor would be better off studying abroad to experience other customs than those of my native country. To complete his education 6. What realization comes over Victor as soon as he leaves his home? Hes lonely 7. Which professor does Victor like the most? Why? M. Waldman, he did not demoralize Victor from studing those guys he studied 8. What foreshadowing occurs at the end of this chapter? His pursuit it this subject of science would shape his destiny Chapter 4 1. What discovery does Victor make while at the University? He learns how to animate dead matter 2. How does Walton react to news of Victor’s discovery? He wants to know what the secret is 3. How does Victor respond to Walton? He tells Walton that he cannot tell the secret . What warning does Victor give Walton about the discovery? says its better that way which he will explain. That acquiring knowledge is dangerous 5. What drives Victor on to the creation of a being like himself? He wants to create a life as complete and wonderful as man. He was encouraged that his present attempts would lay the foundations of future success 6. In Victor’s p ursuit of creating his monster, how does he treat his family? Ignores them? 7. How does he treat his fellow students? He shunned them 8. What details is the reader given on the construction of the creature? Its going to be big in proportion about 8 feet high 9. What words in the last paragraph express a warning of what’s to come? That he is almost done with his creation, most interesting part of his tale is coming. 10. In creating life, what has Victor actually done? Chapter 5 1. Describe the setting on the night the creature comes to life. Very dim. Raining 2. What mood is created by this setting? Horror 3. Describe the creature in detail. Dull yellow eye, black lips, black hair, artery and muscles covered by yellow skin, pearly white teeth, watery eyes 4. What is Victor’s reaction to his creation? Why? His dream vanished. breathless horror and disgust filled my heart. He had created a monster 5. What does Victor do when he realizes what he has done? 6. What happens when Victor tries to sleep? 7. What happens when Victor awakens? 8. At this point in the story, which character do we feel sorry for—Victor or the creature? Explain. 9. What does Victor do when morning dawns? 10. Whom does he meet? 11. Why has Henry Clerval’s father allowed him to go to Ingolstadt? 12. What news does Clerval bring to Victor? 13. How does Henry’s character offset Victor’s character at this point in the story? 14. Why does Victor dread returning to his apartment? 15. To what does Henry attribute Victor’s mutterings at breakfast? 16. What does this foreshadow? 17. What does Henry do during Victor’s illness? 18. As Victor is recovering, he receives a letter from whom? Chapter 6 1. What does the letter do to Victor? 2. What new character is introduced in the letter? 3. What is coincidental about how Justine becomes a member of the Frankenstein family? 4. Why does Victor desert his study of science? 5. What study does he pursue? Why? 6. What is Victor’s mood after his tour of Ingolstadt with Henry? 7. Why does Victor praise Henry? 8. How does Victor’s mood and his praise of Henry build suspense at the end of Chapter 6? Chapter 7 1. What bad news awaits Victor in his father’s letter? 2. Why does Elizabeth blame herself for the tragedy? 3. Why does Victor come to believe his monster is responsible? 4. Who is being held? 5. How does the family feel about the accusation? 6. Why is Justine accused of the crime? 7. Lightning is responsible for three major events in the novel so far. What are they? Chapter 8 1. How does Victor react to Justine’s trial? 2. What does this show about Victor’s character? 3. What is the result of the trial and what happens to Justine? . Why does Victor accompany Elizabeth to Justine’s prison cell? 5. Why does Justine confess? 6. What warnings for the future does Victor give after Justine’s fate? Chapter 9 1. What thoughts does Victor have about this monster as Chapter 9 begins? 2. What does Elizabeth say that upsets Victor? Why does it upset him? 3. What does he think about now? 4. Why does Victor leave home? Where does he go? 5. How does the trip affect his spirits? Chapter 10 1. Why does Victor decide to climb the glacier Montanvert? 2. How does Victor describe the monster’s approach on Montanvert? 3. How does Victor address the monster? 4. Where do the two of them go? Why? 5. Why does Victor agree to listen to the monster? 6. 6. What impression does the monster give in this scene? Chapter 11 1. What are the monster’s first memories? Be specific. (sensations, difficult things, etc. ) 2. Where does he hide? What are the advantages of the monster’s hiding place? 3. How does the monster say he learned to live in the world? 4. What happens when the monster enters the village? 5. What is the cause of the family’s unhappiness? 6. What relationship is the young couple? Chapter 12 1. Why does the monster decide to keep himself hidden from the peasants’ in the cottage? . How does the monster show his capacity to care for others? 3. What kind of knowledge does the monster gain from the cottagers? 4. Why is he eager to have this knowledge? 5. What is the boy’s name? What is the girl’s name? 6. Why is the monster horrified when he sees his own reflection in a pond? Chapter 13 1. Who is Safi e? 2. How does Safie’s arrival benefit the monster’s education? 3. How and what does the monster learn about the human race? 4. How do the monster’s emotions change as he gains more knowledge? Chapter 14 1. Why do you think Mary Shelley doesn’t mention the name of the old man sooner? Chapter 15 1. What is the significance of the papers the monster finds in his clothing? 2. What plan does the monster make? 3. What happens when the monster reveals himself to De Lacey? 4. What happens when the others return? Chapter 16 1. What happens to the De Laceys? 2. Why does the monster set fire to the cottage? 3. Where does the monster decide to go after burning the cottage? 4. What happens on the monster’s journey that further hardens his heart against humans? 5. What happens when the monster reaches Geneva? Be specific. 6. Is the monster still a sympathetic character at this point? Explain. 7. What does the monster demand in the last sentence of this chapter? Chapter 17 1. Who begins telling the story now that the monster has finished the story? 2. How does Victor first react to the monster’s demand? 3. How does the monster reason with Victor? 4. What is Frankenstein’s decision to the monster’s demand? 5. To what oath does Victor ask the monster to swear? 6. Does the monster agree? 7. What warning does the monster give to Frankenstein at the end of the chapter? Chapter 18 1. What are Victor’s feelings when he returns to Geneva? 2. Why does Victor want to journey to England? 3. What does Victor’s father want him to do? Why? 4. What is Victor’s reply? 5. Why is the trip to England particularly pleasant? Chapter 19 1. Why doesn’t Victor like to be around other people in London? 2. Why do Henry and Victor decide to leave London? 3. Why does Victor settle on the Orkney Islands as the place where he will work? 4. What is his task? What feelings does he have about the task? Chapter 20 1. 1. As Victor is thinking about the horrible consequences of making a second monster, he looks at his window in the hut and sees what? 2. Why does Victor destroy his second creation? 3. How does the monster react to this destruction? 4. 4. What line is foreshadowing by the monster to Victor after the monster confronts Victor in his hut and this line stays with Victor after he fails to attack the monster? 5. What does it mean? 6. How does Victor dispose of the remains of his second creation? 7. What happens when Victor returns to shore? Chapter 21 1. Who has been murdered and how was he murdered? 2. What happens to Victor when he finds out who was murdered? 3. What does he say that sounds like a confession? 4. Who is Mr. Kirwin, and how does he treat Victor? 5. What is Victor’s reaction when he is told that a friend has come to visit him in prison? . Who is the visitor? 7. What has Mr. Kirwin done to help Victor at the grand jury inquiry? 8. What is the outcome of the grand jury inquiry? 9. Where does Victor’s father now take him? 10. How does Victor describe himself on the journey? Chapter 22 1. What confession does Victor make to his father? 2. What is his father’s reaction? 3. From whom does Vict or get a letter? What is asked in the letter? 4. What is offered to Victor in the letter? Why? 5. 5. What does Victor assume the monster plans for Elizabeth’s and Victor’s wedding night? 6. What does Victor promise to tell Elizabeth on the day after their wedding? . Where do Victor and Elizabeth plan to spend their honeymoon? 8. What do we find out about Elizabeth in this chapter? Chapter 23 1. How does Elizabeth die? 2. Where does Victor see the monster? 3. What does the creature do when Victor spies him? 4. What further grief greets Victor in Geneva? 5. What does Victor tell the magistrate? 6. What is the outcome of their conversation? Chapter 24 1. What happens when Victor visits the graves of his father, William, and Elizabeth? 2. How does the monster encourage Victor during his chase? 3. How is Victor able to justify to himself his early treatment of the monster? 4. Before he dies, what final advice does Victor offer Walton? 5. What does this show about Victor’s character? 6. When does Walton meet the monster? 7. Why does the monster suffer over Victor’s death? 8. How does the monster plan to end his life? Walton in Continuation 1. What do you think is meant by the phrase â€Å"Walton, in continuation†? 2. What does Victor do when he realizes Walton has written down his story? 3. What does the crew ask Walton? 4. How does Frankenstein respond to Walton’s answer? 5. What one word does Victor say prompted him to create the monster? 6. How does the monster at last depart? guilty irrisponsible

Innovation Enterprise and Winning the Bid

Executive Summary The business name for the company is ‘Event Pace Group’. Event Pace Group is an entrepreneurship company that is involved in provision of diverse products and services for the event industry.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Innovation Enterprise and Winning the Bid – Business plan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The company is situated in United States of America, and it innovates products and services in the event management industry that include festivals products and services, events and conferences services, product launch services, press conference services, corporate meetings and conferences, marketing services such as road shows, and grand opening events. Other services that the company specializes in include concerts, fashion shows, commercial events, and film premieres. The success of the company has largely been motivated by the growth and development of the event industry in modern world. The global trends show that, the events industry, just like tourism industry, is experiencing high demand and its potential in the future is promising. As a result, the company has built its success based on this realization, together with the desire to provide innovative products and services for the events industry. Products and Services As seen earlier, Event Pace Group Company has varied products and services, which are sold to multiple event organizers. But in this case, Event Pace Group Company has developed a software product known as ‘i-EventSoft planner’, as a product, and intends to sell the product to interested event organizers and companies. The event industry can use this software product to increase its operational efficiency and at same time increase its revenues and profit levels. The motivation of the company in developing this product is guided by the increasing digitalization of the society, whereby information technology is becoming important in society. The society is moving towards technology and people are finding it convenient when an efficient technology is used. Some areas the technology can be useful in the event industry is in the client product and service ordering, visitor and client registration, payments, customer management services, and many more. At the same time, an efficient technology is likely to eliminate the workload and inefficiencies brought about by paperwork and manual process of registration and ordering.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In similar manner, an efficient technology is likely to centralize operations of an organization thus enabling the organization make its work faster, efficient and product with reduced errors or inconveniences. In modern world, competition and customer demands and needs force companies to be constantly innovative with regard to identif ying the best strategies to address numerous consumer needs in the most satisfying way (Bridge, O’Neil and Cromie, 2003). As a result, the new software product is as a result of addressing the needs in the event industry which cannot be ignored. Globalization is responsible for the many changes taking place in the world. Clients in the event industry are no longer concentrated in one particular geographical area but are likely to be spread in different parts of the world. As a result, addressing the needs of both local and international clients, event companies have to utilize the most efficient technology. Ticketing in event industry has become one area technology can play great role. It is both important to event promoters and consumers in the industry (Whittingdale 2008). With an efficient technology to support ticketing in the industry, both event promoters can benefit from increased tickets sales, increased market share and also can ensure efficient accounting in the ind ustry. It is recognized that, with appropriate technology to change the way services are provided in the event industry, purchasing behavior of consumers is likely to change as consumers find the whole process of seeking information and making final decision of purchase more convenient, faster and effective. Therefore, the aim of Event Pace Group is to introduce the software product to the market and enable players in the industry promote efficiency and increase revenue. History and Position Company Mission The mission of the Event Pace Group Company is to initiate products and services that drive market and bring satisfaction to the clients based on quality and innovation. In this endeavor, the company’s vision is to be the leader in event industry in terms of developing quality products and services that meet needs of diverse client base. Management Team Event Pace Group Company was established as an entrepreneurship company, of two college friends; Jack and Peter. Given th e size of the company, which at the moment is relatively small, management functions are carried out by the two partners. Apart from the two partners, the company has hired part-time services of two IT experts, two marketers, a receptionist, and one financial officer, who also double as account for the company.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Innovation Enterprise and Winning the Bid – Business plan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Both James and Peter have undergraduate degree in Hospitality Management, and professional training in public relations, marketing and event management. Furthermore, those hired in the organization have professional qualification with experience of over two years. Nevertheless, the company intends to increase its workforce as it continues to grow and more growth opportunities are identified. Products and Services The company has specialized in providing variety products and ser vices such as: festival products and services, events and conferences, product launch, press conference, corporate meetings and conferences, road shows and grand opening events. Also, the company facilitates concerts, fashion shows, commercial events, and film premieres. Apart from these services, the company has come up with a new software product known as ‘i-EventSoft planner’ and intends to market the product to event organizers. The company sells its products and services to a number of clients in major cities of USA involved in event management. Business Structure Event Pace Group Company started as an informal partnership arrangement between two friends before it was officially registered as a partnership entity three years ago. As a result, the business entity is recognized as a partnership form of business in USA. Since its establishment, the business has continued to grow in terms of innovations and sales, from the initial two services it provided to its client s to the current position where it provides numerous products and services. The business structure of the company does not intend to change from its partnership nature, although in the future, the company may incorporate more partners as far as growth and development of the firm may necessitate. Market Research Economic and Social Factors USA is a diversity society in that, the country has diverse population which is likely to embrace the idea of tourism and related leisure activities (Down, 2010). Tourism and related leisure activities in the country and around the world has been growing. Moreover, event planning and management has been growing in an attempt to response to growth in tourism and related events activities. With increased disposable incomes and increased consumption of leisure products, hospitality industry has been growing in the country attracting both local and internal clients. Sometimes companies have found themselves overwhelmed by the number of visitors and as a result, planning has not been easy.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Good economic position of many clients, coupled with overall improving economic conditions in the country, have ignited a unique desire for increased tourism and leisure activities, a fact that sound good to the event industry. Both old people with enough retirement benefits would want to spend on tourism consumption and leisure, while young people have more money to spend on vacations. These entire promising economic situations require event managers and planners to have adequate preparation of serving diverse clients more appropriate and efficient. This is what motivates the use of technology in the planning of events in the industry. At the same time, many people especially clients in the hospitality industry are finding it appropriate to order and search for information through internet. This shows that more and more clients are likely to be uncomfortable with traditional methods of making orders, having the ticket and paying for the money since many of them do not want to trave l frequently to acquire search things. What many consumers are looking for is a situation where they are able to do everything at the click of their computers before making final step of visiting a particular hotel, restaurant or tourist destination when all formalities have been completed. Therefore, given the economic and social situation of the current consumers, the designed software is likely results into numerous advantages. Therefore, the motivation to design ‘i-EventSoft planner’ software originates from two concerns: first, the majority of young people and even middle aged people in the country have embraced tourism and related events in large measure and as a result, event industry is experiencing growth that require the industry to respond to the numerous issues it face more effectively. Second, there is increase adoption of technological software in diverse industries and primary aim for such has to do with increased use of technology and digitalization of t he society. Therefore, event industry cannot be exceptional in this revolution. Competitive Environment Service sector and especially event management industry is growing (Shone and Parry, 2004). There is increased provision of services and products by diverse firms. Trends in the past have shown that, majority of players in the event industry tend to concentrate a lot on providing services and products that lack technology orientation. But given the way modern society is moving, technology is becoming fulcrum in the functions and activities of modern firms. Technology is perceived to have numerous benefits that players cannot ignore (Allen, 2002). Moreover, efficiency and maximum satisfaction in the industry seem to lie in the use of appropriate technology. It is within this understanding that, technology has become an area for competitive advantage and companies or organizations with the most efficient technology are likely to have an edge over their competitors. The company has c onducted analysis of the competitive environment and found out that only two companies provide software similar to this one, but their software has less features/packages as the ones intended for ‘i-EventSoft planner’. Therefore, our company aims to enter this unexploited market through its unique product it aims to sell to event organizers. In order to create a strong competitive position in the market, as compared to the already existing players, Event Pace Group Company aims to give quality and innovation priority, without forgetting good customer service management. Long-term Opportunities Tourism and consumption of leisure activities remain dominant areas experiencing growth in the modern world. As this happens, there is increasing need for efficiency and proper function and execution of services. The traditional systems of customer services in the industry which in most cases are manual have become inefficient and tend to bring about inconveniences to many clients . Furthermore, event organizers and hospitality owners tend to receive less revenue since the accounting systems are not efficient enough. Lastly, information sharing in the industry remains poorly organized and this is likely to affect provision of services. As a result, there is need for a technological device that can guarantee efficiency, appropriateness and satisfaction (Haran and Kumar, 2006). Market Description USA has a high population and more people such as tourists and shoppers continue to come to the country. At the same time, reports in the media have pointed to increasing employment for the population labor force, a situation that sees income for many people increase. The increase in income is likely to see many people spend extra income on tourism and leisure activities. At the same time, the high population is likely to increase its consumption rate of tourism and events related products and services. Target Customers USA boasts a population that is highly educated, has enough income to spend on luxuries, and her people are informed in many aspects. Consumerism in the country is on the rise, especially in tourism and service industry. People tend to buy more services available in diverse sectors of the economy. As a result, tourism and event industry is likely to grow as more people spend on vacations, concerts, and tourist destinations. But who are likely customers of the company with regard to the new product? The company targets event organizers and companies. These are companies with capacity to have many clients from different parts of the world. There services are likely to be multiple and also past experiences have indicated the companies experience problems in key areas such as; ticketing, ordering, and payment. Market Opportunities Market for ‘i-EventSoft planner’ is likely to be boosted by the high number of current customers, both in events and hospitality industry. Tourism industry is increasing together with events pla nning and organizing. Consumers are spending more for concerts, vacations, tourist destinations, and all other leisure activities Therefore, the market opportunity for this software product likely to come from event organizers in many states and cities of USA. On a broader view, the company intends to use technology in marketing the service, and this may attract event organizer clients from outside the country and this will be the reason to establish market opportunities in other countries. Furthermore, more studies will be done to establish the potential of learning institutions such as universities, colleges, and high schools on their ability to provide more new market opportunities for the software. Competitive Analysis Only two companies have been identified to provide this kind of service. However, as it was seen earlier, the two companies have concentrated software that has fewer features. Moreover, the companies are yet to expand to other markets in the country the way Event Pace Group Company intends to do. The identified strengths of these two companies include, the fact that they are much older than Event Pace Group Company, hence have succeeded in building a strong brand name in the market. Moreover, the companies seem to have more staff, especially IT designers, who have helped them to offer some captivating products and services. On the other hand, major weakness of Event Pace Group Company lie in its inadequate resources to venture in more research and development for products and services. However, the strength of the company as compared to its competitors appears to be in identifying innovative ideas and turning them into unique and captivating products and services for event industry. Business Strategy Advertising and Promotion Advertisement and promotion are crucial for success of any product or service in the market, especially for the new products and services (Hatten, 2011). Given that this is a new product, which may require recognition i n the market, the company intends to use a number of advertisement and promotional strategies. The major strategies to be used include public relations, establishing and operating shop front, using internet and social media, press advertising, and association with known companies. Public relations will involve the company giving continuous captivating and exciting information about the new product and evaluate response of clients. Shop front will involve the company establishing a shop front. Internet and social media are rising as critical avenues to carry a successful advertisement campaign. Therefore, the company will create a website where it will advertise the product. Through this, the company hopes there will be faster diffusion of the innovation, hence increasing the chances for its acceptance. Pricing It is understood that pricing strategies adopted by any company are informed by aspects such as objectives of the company, characteristics of the customer base for the company , intensity of competition in the market place, and characteristics of the product (Smith and Smith, 2011). As a result, price is said to reflect value for the customer. Moreover, in events industry, apart from having consideration for cost-based pricing, there is need for greater consideration of value-based pricing that enhances sales and maximizes returns on investment (Rogers, 2001). In order for the service to establish a strong customer base that the company intends to build and maintain, two pricing strategies will be adopted. The first strategy is the relationship pricing, where the intention is to establish and encourage long-term relationships with event companies, which can be used for future deals (Hoffman and Bateson, 2010). The second pricing strategy is the penetration pricing strategy, whereby, the company will price the product with intention of penetrating the market more easily and at faster pace (Hoffman and Bateson, 2010). Forecasting Sales Forecast ($) Year One Year Two Year Three Revenues from the i-EventSoft planner 425 000 600 000 800 000 Revenues of other services that utilize i-EventSoft planner 220 000 340 000 500 000 TOTAL 645 000 940 000 1 300 000 Cash Flow Projections Sales Less cost of sales Gross profit Less expenses Net income before tax Provision for taxes Net income after taxes Year One 2, 400, 000 2,000,000 400,000 280,000 120,000 40,000 80,000 Year Two 3,000,000 2,300,000 700,000 320,000 380,000 70,000 230,000 Year Three 3,700,000 2,500,000 1,200,000 500,000 700,000 200,000 500,000 References List Allen, J., 2002. The Business of Event Planning: Behind-the-scenes Secrets of Successful Special Events. MA: John Wiley and Sons. Bridge, S., O’Neill, K., Cromie, S., 2003. Understanding Enterprise, Entrepreneurship, and Small Business. NY: Palgrave Macmillan. Down, S., 2010. Enterprise, Entrepreneurship and Small Business. NY: SAGE Publications Ltd. Haran, A. K., Kumar, A., 2006. Corporate Entrepreneu rship: Strategic Imperative for Growth. New Delhi, India: ICFAI Books. Hatten, T. S., 2011. Small Business Management: Entrepreneurship and Beyond. OH: Cengage Learning. Hoffman, K. D., Bateson, J. E., 2010. Services Marketing: Concepts, Strategies, Cases. OH: Cengage Learning. Rogers, S. C., 2001. Marketing strategies, Tactics, and Techniques: A Handbook for Practitioners. CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. Shone, A., Parry, B., 2004. Successful Event Management: A Practical Handbook. OH: Cengage Learning EMEA. Smith, T. J., Smith, T., 2011. Pricing Strategy: Setting Price Levels, Managing Price Discounts, Establishing Price Structures. OH: Cengage Learning. Whittingdale, J., 2008. Ticket Touting: Second Report of Session 2007-08, Report, Together with Formal Minutes, Oral and Written Evidence. UK: Stationery Office. 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The Five Marginal Seas of the Arctic Ocean

The Five Marginal Seas of the Arctic Ocean The Arctic Ocean is the smallest of the worlds five oceans with an area of 5,427,000 square miles (14,056,000 sq km). It has an average depth of 3,953 feet (1,205 m) and its deepest point is the Fram Basin at -15,305 feet (-4,665 m). The Arctic Ocean is between Europe, Asia and North America. In addition, most of its waters of the Arctic Ocean are north of the Arctic Circle. The Geographic North Pole is at the center of the Arctic Ocean. While the South Pole is on a land mass the North Pole is not but the area that it inhabits is usually made up of ice. Throughout most of the year, much of the Arctic Ocean is covered by a drifting polar icepack that is an average of ten feet (three meters) thick. This icepack normally melts during the summer months, which is being extended due to climate change. Is the Arctic Ocean an Ocean or a Sea? Due to its size, many oceanographers do not consider the Arctic Ocean to be an ocean at all. Instead, some think it is a Mediterranean sea, which is a sea that is a mostly enclosed by land. Others believe it to be an estuary, a partially enclosed coastal body of water, of the Atlantic Ocean. These theories are not widely  held. The International Hydrographic Organization does consider the Arctic to be one of the worlds seven Oceans. While they are located in Monaco, the IHO is an intergovernmental organization representing hydrography, the science of measuring the ocean. Does The Arctic Ocean have Seas? Yes, even though its the smallest ocean the Arctic does have its own seas. The Arctic Ocean is similar to the worlds other oceans because it shares borders with both continents and marginal seas which are also known as mediterranean seas. The Arctic Ocean shares borders with five marginal seas. The following is a list of those seas arranged by area. The Arctic Seas Barents Sea, Area: 542,473 square miles (1,405,000 sq km)Kara Sea, Area: 339,770 square miles (880,000 sq km)Laptev Sea, Area: 276,000 square miles (714,837 sq km)Chukchi Sea, Area: 224,711 square miles (582,000 sq km)Beaufort Sea, Area: 183,784 square miles (476,000 sq km)Wandel Sea, Area: 22,007 square miles (57,000 sq km)Lincon Sea, Area: Unknown Exploring The Arctic Ocean Recent developments in technology are allowing scientist to study the depths of the Arctic Ocean in brand new ways. This study is important to help scientist study the catastrophic effects of climate change to the area. Mapping the Arctic Ocean  floor could even lead to new discoveries like trenches or sandbars. They may also discover new species of lifeforms found only at the top of the world. It is truly an exciting time to be an oceanographer or a hydrographer. Scientists  are able to explore this treacherous frozen part of the world in depth for the first time in human history. How exciting!

History of Ice Cream

History of Ice Cream The origins of ice cream can be traced back to at least the 4th century BCE. Early references include the Roman emperor Nero (37-68 CE) who ordered ice to be brought from the mountains and combined with fruit toppings, and King Tang (618-97 CE) of Shang, China who had a method of creating ice and milk concoctions. Ice cream was likely brought from China back to Europe. Over time, recipes for ices, sherbets, and milk ices evolved and served in the fashionable Italian and French royal courts. After the dessert was imported to the United States, it was served by several famous Americans. George Washington and Thomas Jefferson served it to their guests. In 1700, Governor Bladen of Maryland was recorded as having served it to his guests. In 1774, a London caterer named Philip Lenzi announced in a New York newspaper that he would be offering for sale various confections, including ice cream. Dolly Madison served it in 1812. First Ice Cream Parlor in America - Origins of Name The first ice cream parlor in America opened in New York City in 1776. American colonists were the first to use the term ice cream. The name came from the phrase iced cream that was similar to iced tea. The name was later abbreviated to ice cream the name we know today. Methods and Technology Whoever invented the method of using ice mixed with salt to lower and control the temperature of ice cream ingredients during its making provided a major breakthrough in ice cream technology. Also important was the invention of the wooden bucket freezer with rotary paddles, which improved the manufacture of ice cream. Augustus Jackson, a confectioner from Philadelphia, created new recipes for making ice cream in 1832. Nancy Johnson and William Young - Hand-Cranked Freezers In 1846, Nancy Johnson patented a hand-cranked freezer that established the basic method of making ice cream still used today. William Young patented the similar Johnson Patent Ice-Cream Freezer in 1848. Jacob Fussell - Commercial Production In 1851, Jacob Fussell in Baltimore established the first large-scale commercial ice cream plant. Alfred Cralle patented an ice cream mold and scooper used to serve on February 2 1897. Mechanical Refrigeration The treat became both distributable and profitable with the introduction of mechanical refrigeration. The ice cream shop or soda fountain has since become an icon of American culture. Continuous Process Freezer Around 1926, the first commercially successful continuous process freezer for ice cream was invented by Clarence Vogt. The Ice Cream Sundae Historians argue over the originator of the ice cream sundae but three historical probabilities are the most popular Ice Cream Cones The walk-away edible cone made its American debut at the 1904 St. Louis Worlds Fair. Soft Ice Cream British chemists discovered a method of doubling the amount of air in ice cream creating soft ice cream. Eskimo Pie The idea for the Eskimo Pie bar was created by Chris Nelson, an ice cream shop owner from Onawa, Iowa. He thought up the idea in the spring of 1920 after he saw a young customer called Douglas Ressenden having difficulty choosing between ordering an ice cream sandwich and a chocolate bar. Nelson created the solution, a chocolate covered ice cream bar. The first Eskimo Pie chocolate covered ice cream bar on a stick was created in 1934.​ Originally Eskimo Pie was called the I-Scream-Bar. Between 1988 and 1991, Eskimo Pie introduced an aspartame-sweetened, chocolate-covered, frozen dairy dessert bar called the Eskimo Pie No Sugar Added Reduced Fat Ice Cream Bar. Haagen-Dazs Reuben Mattus invented Haagen-Dazs in 1960, He chose the name because it sounded Danish. DoveBar The DoveBar was invented by Leo Stefanos. Good Humor Ice Cream Bar In 1920, Harry Burt invented the Good Humor Ice Cream Bar and patented it in 1923. Burt sold his Good Humor bars from a fleet of white trucks equipped with bells and uniformed drivers.

Cover Letter & Resume Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cover Letter & Resume - Assignment Example Additionally, I have participated in exchange programs in the years 2012 and 2007 in Miami-Dade College and Delegate of Nanjing Foreign Language School in Nanjing respectively. This means that am capable of co-ordinating several clients and sponsors despite their language. To add on, I worked as a marketing representative at Chu’s Chinese Restaurant from September 2011 to September 2012. I was also a mathematics Tutor from September 2012toDecember 2012. I worked as a sales vice president at Jiangsu GPRO Group Company from 2009 to 2010. Lastly, I was a full time intern at Bank of China New York branch. With the above experience I am able to design and conduct surveys, make marketing plans, solve company’s problems, create sales plans, market new products and make translations to foreign languages. Since the above duties are the general functions of a human resource manager, it means that I am qualified for the job (Beatty, 2004, 35). I will be liable to the customer’s plans and marketing plans. I will be the general overseer of the company’s proceedings. Thus my experience makes it easy for me to be a Human Resource Manager at your

Individual Mindset Challenge Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Individual Mindset Challenge - Assignment Example South Korean film industry emulated most modern production techniques from the U.S learning them from the Hollywood stars to restructure their film industry. Globalization of South Korean is a historical process spreading over centuries and should not be having links with westernization of a particular nation or culture. Globalization has significantly influenced different cultures towards its expansion in the global markets. Globalization can shape the traits of particular nation, community, or people. South Korea benefited much from globalization making the drastic changes from inferior to stable economic country in a very short period. South Korean used globalization to its advantage by increasing the interconnectivity with different countries and people using technology, pop culture, and trade, political and economic relationship. Its acceptance of globalization fostered positive international relations and economic development of the country. Absorption of South Korean culture by neighboring countries such as China, Japan, and Vietnam intensified the Korean adopted pop culture and other cultural platforms. Globalization has influenced South Korean culture including the television programs and film industry enabling South Korean pop culture to penetrate in Europe and North American countries. Korean globalization is termed as the Korean wave, which has been unique by creating unusual growth of local creative industries in neoliberal globalization. Korean creative industries have developed their personal, local cultural products and services making them the most successful contributors to Korean national economy. Korean wave has experienced a significant change with the development of digital technologies and social networking media such as You-Tube, social network sites (SNSs) and Smartphone’s in the 21 century. Local culture of various countries is supported by Korean wave through the digital

English Dominance Essay Example for Free

English Dominance Essay English is one of the most spoken languages in the world. Globally around 380 million people speak English as their first language, 250 million use it as their second language, and 1 billion are in the process of learning it and about one third of the global population are affected by it one way or the other. By the year 2050 it is forecasted that around a half of the world will be able to communicate properly in English. (Pennycook A. 1994) English is on its way to become a dominant global language. The language has developed to become the language of use in international trade, international science conferences, and global politics. The predominant usage of English has gone further to affect international and regional organizations such as World Bank, European Union, and other multinational companies. (Brutt-Griffler, J. 2002) English dominance originated from political suppression and economical manipulation by Britain and United States. Some policies of international organization such as World Bank have served to propagate the dominance of English in developing countries (Keal, P 1983). However, the most important factor that has led English to become such a globally spoken language is the emergence of United States of America as a ‘world super power’ a nation that uses English as its major language of communication. (Brutt-Griffler, J. 2002). Since the United States and Britain dominate in the international organizations such as World Bank, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations (UN), World Trade Organization (WTO) and so on, this has influenced such worldwide entities to use English as a major language of communication. ((Brutt-Griffler, J. 2002) The use of English as the dominant language in these organizations has generated enormous benefits especially in the ease of operation. However it has not been smooth sailing has a myriad of controversies have continued to emerge because of the same dominance. (Keal, P 1983). â€Å"Linguistic dominance has its origins in conquest, military and political subjugation, and economic exploitation. The role of language in imperial expansion has been a central element of the europeanisation of the world† (Robert P) This view has continued to emerge in many forums where most nations (especially the non-English speaking) have constantly objected to the dominance of English because it has been seen as a way of â€Å"Europeanizing† others. (Robert P) The purpose of this paper is to critically analyze both the benefits and costs with the purpose of establishing the direction the organizations are likely to take in this thorny and controversial issue. Benefits of English language in International organizations Communication This is perhaps the greatest benefit that the domination of English has brought to almost all world bodies. Having one language as a â€Å"lingua franca† facilitates or breaks down the communication barriers. (Gary C) Members of such bodies like the United Nation, the World Bank are able to communicate easily despite the fact that they come from different countries and cultural backgrounds. In fact most delegates of European Union and common wealth are able to speak English as their second language. What this means is that a Chinese is able to communicate effectively with a German national despite their cultural differences. (Edwards, J 1985). Because of globalization, there has come a need for faster communication tools and processes. Internet has played a significant role in speeding up the globalization phenomena because it is very fast and inexpensive. (UNESCO) The language that has dominated most of the Internet use is English slated at approximately 80% usage on the websites. This has enabled most of the international organization’s develop communication channels via the Internet that eases the mode and the cost of communication. The organizations have been able to implement most of their programs within specified period across the globe. (UNESCO) Up to 700,000,000 people speak English language across the globe, what this means is that almost all countries of the world have a sizeable number of people who are able to communicate in English. This makes it easier for the International organizations to operate and find employees in the respective countries, thereby lowering their payroll budgets because they do not have to employ expatriates who are normally very expensive to retain. A good example is the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) that is located in Kenya, Africa. The local citizens here speak English as the second language, and are competent in its use. (Martinez Cobo 1984). The organization has not had any problem in recruiting locally thereby saving a lot in the payroll budget. Fostering global peace The ability of many United Nations mediators to communicate in English coupled with the increased usage of English in many states of the world has enabled conflicts that arise between various states to be solved efficiently. In addition, many English speaking nations especially the members of the Common Wealth are able to establish strong diplomatic relationships with ease since language has not been a barrier. (Maurais J. Morris, M. A. 2003) Facilitating international business English as an international business language has facilitated commercial transactions among the member states of European Union, Common Wealth, and Association Of South East Asian Countries. This is more evident in the software market whereby many soft wares have been produced in English language. (Rudby, R. Saraceni, M. 2006) A good example of a country that can attest to the advantages of knowing how to speak in English is India. It has reaped enormous benefits in the global market from its citizen’s competence on spoken English. According to Rudby and Saraceni this has prompted nations like China to encourage its citizens to learn English language. Currently China has the largest number of people studying English and has made English compulsory from third grade. (Rudby, R. Saraceni, M. 2006) Sharing of information and ideas It is a requirement for scientists from different parts of the world to publish their findings in English language and thereby enabling any English speakers to be able to access a wide range of information from various experts and from different part of then world. Some scientists are also able to use these published reports as valuable inputs to their researches. Empowers the United Nations to address various problems in the world Enhanced communication resulting from the common usage of English by many countries of united nation has enabled such countries to put across their valuable contribution in solving current global issues like terrorism, famine and diseases. (Rudby R. Saraceni, M. 2006) Pre- dominance of English in Common Wealth countries enable the member countries to adopt policies geared towards ensuring efficient delivery of aid and other humanitarian services across the globe. (Rudby R. Saraceni, M. 2006) Negative effects of English dominance It has contributed to conflicts in the European Union Having a single language seems to be the most ideal and efficient solutions for the European Union but many members who do not come from Anglophone communities find such arrangement unacceptable. Current the language policy in the European Union grants every language an equal status whereby any language can be used to conduct meetings and translations are provided for other language speakers. (Robert P) However there is a provision to the extent that â€Å"the institution especially the preparatory committee of European Union may stipulate in their own rules of procedure which of the language to be used in each specific cases. † (Robert P) This has served to encourage some languages to become more dominant than others especially English which is frequently chosen in such situations. This has led members of major language speakers like French and German to fiercely protest fearing that their international status of their languages may be lowered. (Martinez Cobo 1984). There is also a growing concern among the non -English members of the European Union that English dominance is crossing over the boundaries of international organization to entrench itself to education and other sectors of the other countries. (Mary K. Flynn). Germany has been the most affected whereby English has became a general subject in primary schools of many states and has grown into official language of many companies and firms together with Germany. This has consequently resulted to a diminished status of the German language and criticism that imposing English as the first language to all pupils is against the concept of promoting cultural diversity in them. (Mary K. Flynn).

Buddhism Speech -- essays research papers

Today I am giving an informative speech on Buddhism. Now, "informative" is the key word here. I just want to reasure everyone that I am simply going to explain some of the philosophy of Buddhism. I am not, however, trying to sway your beliefs or views on life in ANY way. Instead, I'm going to share with you some of the basic things that I know, and however you choose to use the information, if at all, is totally up to you. In fact, one of the strongest beliefs of a Buddhist, is that their "way of life" is NEVER forced on anyone. To shove it down someones throught would contradict almost everything the Buddha had to say. To start, I wanna clear up some simple, misinterpretations that some of you may or may not have made, probobly due to the lack of information. First of all, Buddhists do not worship the Buddha, and the Buddha was not a God. He was just a teacher and an inspiration to his followers. He was someone who had obtained "enlightenment", or been awakened to the way that all things are. Kinda like a "meaning of life" sort of deal. Which is much more complex than many would expect. At first when Buddha discovered this, after meditating for several days, he believed it was pointless to try and teach someone what he has obtained, that his thoughts couldnt be explained through the means of words. but he was soon convinced when he came across a wondering holy man told him that "some people just have a little dust in their eyes,...

Human Activities In Causing Climate Change Environmental Sciences Essay

Climate is altering in a horrid manner. The alteration is influenced both by natural ground and human activities. El Nino, the Earth surface temperature increased, acerb rains and many phenomenons are damaging the environment. Experts are worried about the rapid altering clime, because the alteration may bring people many large catastrophes. Worldwide people are seeking to happen the solution and salvage humanity. This essay will discourse how human activities contribute to climate alteration, and give some advice how to forestall the Earth.Human activities in doing clime alterationIt is clear that human activities accelerate the clime alteration. The first portion of essay will poll 2 human activities that consequence clime alteration.( 1 ) Burning fossil fuelsThe Earth surface temperature increasing owe to greenhouse gases, because they carry the short-wave radiation from the Sun to the Earth ( NSW Department of Primary Industries, 2008 ) . Obviously, more nursery gases mean terrib le clime alteration. Before demoing the grounds of nursery gases growing, people need to understand what nursery gases are. The ground why people call these gases greenhouse gases is because they work like a glass nursery that heats up with the radiation trapped by the glass ( NSW Department of Primary Industries, 2008 ) . Greenhouse gases are non merely one sort of gas, really it includes ‘water vapour, C dioxide, methane and azotic oxide ‘ ( NSW Department of Primary Industries, 2008:2 ) . Obviously, because of the high-ranking nursery gases concentration, the temperature became higher than earlier. However, firing fossil fuels are the arch-criminal of lifting nursery gases in atmospheric has accelerated. Excessive human emanations besides caused 1.4 & A ; deg ; F gone up in the past century ( Pew Centre on Global Climate Change, 2008b ) . Burning fossil fuels non merely do nursery gases to lend to climate alteration, but besides sulphur dioxide and N oxides. Sulphur d ioxide and N oxides contribute to climate alteration because of their ability to make acerb rain. Acid rains which have deadly influences on edifices, trees and animate beings are besides bad for clime ( John, S et Al. 2006 ) .( 2 ) Overexploitation of the natural resourcesApart from firing fossil fuels, the ground why clime alteration in such a fast manner is overuse of the natural resources. The natural resources on the Earth are limited, no affair non-renewable resources or renewable resources. It seems that the turning population of world does non recognize the facts ; people ever exploit more resources than people ‘s demand to do certain the tendency of growing. Conspicuously, overuse the nature resources becomes one portion of causing led to climate alteration. Peoples knows that many day-to-day supplies made from wood, such as documents, some apparels and furniture, ordered more and more trees felled. As antecedently mentioned, nursery gases are bad for clime, and one o f the methods to diminish is more workss. Braid can absorb C dioxide, and extenuate the consistence of nursery gases. However, the bad intelligence is that the solution is dissatisfying for overdriving the natural resources. As a consequence, deforestation exacerbates the clime. On the other manus, deforestation besides conduces to desertification which contributes on clime alteration. Land debasement can besides take to environmental debasement, poorness, migration and the rhythm of struggle, but besides frequently affected states and parts, political stableness hazards ( UNCCD: United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, 2009 ) . Peoples who live here need to disforest to gain money to do unrecorded.Outline farther impairment may be preventedAfter discoursing the human activities, the 2nd portion of essay will convey frontward 2 solutions that may protect the environment.( 1 ) Government governmentAs mentioned above, firing fossil fuels is one of the human activities that contribute to climate alteration. Factories create electricity by firing fossil fuels. To work out the jobs, authorities government seems to be an indispensable method. Nowadays, there is an effectual policy that is accepted in Australia and some European states, which named ‘cap and trade ‘ ( Minter-Ellison, 2007 ) . The government relate to ‘electricity coevals, conveyance, industrial procedure, forestry, agribusiness and waste ‘ ( Minter-Ellison, 2007 ) . The policy means authorities will crest the nursery gases emanations for every mill or else. For case, a mill has to pay for the emanations if it emit more nursery gases than the cap, besides a mill can sale its emanations if it emit less nursery gases than the cap. With authorities government, people and mills are encouraged to cut down the step of firing fossil fuels. This is a good illustration for authorities to represent some policies, order emitters prevent environment on their ain inititiative.( 2 ) Exploit new energy and happen how to utilize the new energyThe 2nd solution is to work new energy, and happen how to utilize the new energy. Because people is used to fabricate some fuels by wooden, deforestation is difficult to avoid. Account for the job, to work new energy is at hand. Actually some new energy like air current and solar power have been found for many old ages, but for the bound of scientific discipline, people can non utilize the new energy good. For illustration, people have no thought approximately solar power when it is nebulose. Fortunately, PSEG Global, a company found the method to utilize air current and shop air current. Harmonizing to their proclamation, when air current power beyond the demand of consumer, they will hive away the air current in belowground caverns or in armored combat vehicles. During the peak hours, the stored air current will let go of and go energy ( Davidson, P. 2008 ) . Besides, scientist besides exploited some other new energy an d found how to utilize. E-Coal is one sort of new energy which substitutes for coal. E-Coal was called no nursery gases emanation fuel, because it was made by biomass, though E-Coal liberate C dioxide when combustion, E-Coal can absorb equal C dioxide during their life ( Davidson, P. 2008 ) . In decision, human activities like firing fossil fuels and overdriving the natural resources changed climate a batch. Merely nowadays people are cognizant of the importance of environmental, and get down to work out the jobs. Government and scientists have been working to happen the solution. Everyone lives in the Earth, so everybody has to make their best to protect environment. ( 950 words )

Geography of Time Essay

The sixth chapter â€Å"Where is Life Faster† discusses differences between life tempos in different cultures trying to reveal in what culture life is the fastest. The author writes that it is very interesting for him to compare one culture to another because a lot of unknown facts contributing development of psychological studies will be identified. Authors’ comparison focuses on time and speed of life. Cultural tempo is argued to affect the quality of human life. Nevertheless, it may be tricky to compare different cultures because labeling individuals should have scientific or psychological basis. It is necessary to go beyond the boundaries in order to measure the tempo of life with accuracy and objectivity. The author finds it interesting to compare indicator of speed in working office in different countries. However, the research has failed as the author needed to find observable jobs and workers should be residents of particular country. Research at gas station has failed as well, because such businesses are not equivalent across countries. According to author’s research, the fastest countries are Japan and Western European countries. Western Europe has nine fastest countries and Japan is the only Asian countries with life tempo. The fist place in West Europe is given to Switzerland, whereas the second is given to Ireland. Ireland is characterized by the fastest walking speed, whereas Switzerland is characterized by the splendid findings. Surprisingly, New York hasn’t gained the highest scores as some workers in office move very slowly. In contrast, the slowest speed of life is observed in non-industrialized countries and it is the countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America. The slowest is claimed to be Brazil, Indonesia and Mexico. Daily life in these countries is very slow and Brazilians, for example, â€Å"not only expected the casual approach of life, but had abandoned any semblance to of fidelity to the clock†. (p. 136) In such a way the author shows that there are many ways to measure speed of life and the results shows that different cultures has their own life tempo. Further, the author compares Japan, the USA and Western Europe to identify which of the countries is La Dolce Vita. Much of European countries are characterized by opportunities to relax and in the pleasures of good life. Therefore, Levine suggests that La dolce Vita is easier for Europeans rather than for Asians and Africans. For example, Japanese work harder and have less time for relaxing. Europeans are claimed to live better than Americans. La Dolce Vita is welcomed in Italy as they try to balance hard work and leisure. It is necessary to underline that working week is longer in the USA than in most of European countries. However, Japan is characterized by the longest working week. For more than half a century the working week hasn’t been changed and it is argued that time for leisure is decreasing in the country and the nation has less time for themselves. In contrast, in Europe the tendency to work has been replaced by the tendency to relax. For example, without leisure workers in France are more irritating and nervous. Therefore, Western Europeans have more vacation time. For example, in France â€Å"workers by law receive at least five weeks and often six weeks of paid vacation†. (p. 143) When comparing countries examples of cultural differences are seen the most. However, speed of life varies across cities and regions of one country. It is true for the USA as well as the country is very large and each state has its own traditions and customs. The slightest geographical shifts are profound and for example, moving from Oklahoma to Texas is viewed as â€Å"entering France, say, out of Switzerland†. (p. 146) The author is willing to reveal whether there are differences between New York and other large cities. Research results demonstrate that Northeastern United States is viewed as fast-spaced, whereas Californians are more relaxed. Boston and New York are the fastest cities in the country, whereas Los-Angeles is claimed to be one of the slowest in the country. One of the biggest challenges was to measure accurately walking speed as in some regions it was hard to find any walkers at all.